Lexile Measure Converted to Grade Equivalency Reading

Lexile

Creator	MetaMetrics
Website	www.lexile.com
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The Lexile Framework for Reading is an educational tool that uses a mensurate called a Lexile to friction match readers with books, articles and other leveled reading resources. Readers and books are assigned a score on the Lexile scale, in which lower scores reflect easier readability for books and lower reading ability for readers. The Lexile framework uses quantitative methods, based on individual words and sentence lengths, rather than qualitative assay of content to produce scores. Accordingly, the scores for texts do not reflect factors such as multiple levels of meaning or maturity of themes.^[one] Hence, the United states Common Cadre Country Standards recommend the use of alternative, qualitative methods for selecting books for students at grade 6 and over.^[1] In the The states, Lexile measures are reported from reading programs and assessments annually.^[2] Thus, about half of U.S. students in grades tertiary through 12th receive a Lexile measure each year.^[3] In improver to beingness used in schools in all 50 states, Lexile measures are as well used exterior of the U.s..^{[iv] [ failed verification ]}

Components of the Lexile framework [edit]

The Lexile framework for reading is made upwardly of Lexile reader measures and Lexile text measures, both of which are put on the Lexile calibration.

Lexile calibration [edit]

The Lexile scale runs from BR300 (Lexile) to above 2000L, though at that place is not an explicit lesser or top to the scale.^[five] Scores 0L and beneath are reported as BR (First Reader). These books or students may be coded equally Lexile: BR. In some cases, a educatee will receive a BR code followed past a number (e.1000. Lexile: BR150L). A measure of BR150L indicates that the lexile measure is 150 units below 0L.^[6]

Lexile measure [edit]

A Lexile mensurate is defined as "the numeric representation of an individual's reading power or a text'due south readability (or difficulty), followed by an "50" (Lexile)".^[7] There are ii types of Lexile measures: Lexile reader measures and Lexile text measures. A Lexile reader measure typically is obtained when an individual completes a reading comprehension test. Once a field study has been performed to link Lexile Framework with the exam, the private's reading score can exist reported as a Lexile measure.

For an individual, a Lexile mensurate is typically obtained from a reading comprehension assessment or program. These range from the adolescent level (DIBELS: Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills) to the adult level (TABE: Examination of adult basic educational activity). A Lexile text measure is obtained by evaluating the readability of a slice of text, such as a book or an article. The Lexile Analyzer, a software program specially designed to evaluate reading demand, analyzes the text'southward semantic (word frequency) and syntactic (sentence length) characteristics and assigns it a Lexile measure. Over lx,000 Spider web sites, 115,000 fiction and nonfiction books, and 80 meg articles have Lexile measures, and these numbers continue to abound. Over 150 publishers including Capstone Publishers,^[eight] Discovery Ed, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, McGraw-Colina, Pearson PLC, Riverside Publishing, Scholastic Corporation, Simon & Schuster,^[9] Workman Publishing Company,^[10] and World Volume^[11] offering certified Lexile text measures for their materials.^[12]

The maker claims that noting the Lexile measure of a text tin can assistance in selecting "targeted" materials that nowadays an appropriate level of challenge for a reader – not as well hard to be frustrating, however difficult enough to challenge a reader and encourage reading growth.^{[ citation needed ]}

In that location is no directly correspondence between a specific Lexile mensurate and a specific grade level.

Lexile codes [edit]

Some books get Lexile codes—two-letter of the alphabet designations that appear before the Lexile measure—to give more than data about the book relating to its developmental appropriateness, reading difficulty, and common or intended use. BR is the only lawmaking that can apply to both readers and text.^[vi]

Code	Meaning	Book information	Case	Lexile measure
AD	Adult-directed	Movie books that are normally read to a child	Maurice Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are	AD740L
NC	Not-Conforming	Books with a Lexile measure out markedly higher than is typical for the publisher's intended audience	Seymour Simon's Amazing Aircraft	NC710L
HL	High-Low	Books with a Lexile measure out much lower than the average reading ability of the intended age range of its readers	Beth Goobie's Sticks and Stones	HL430L
IG	Illustrated guide	Books that consist of independent pieces or sections of text that could be moved around without affecting the overall linear menstruation of the book	Dr. Gerald Legg's Birds of Prey	IG320L
GN	Graphic novel	Graphic novel or comic volume where the majority of the text appears as vocalism in thought bubbling	Siena Cherson Siegel's To Trip the light fantastic toe: A Ballerina'due south Graphic Novel	GN610L
BR	Commencement reader	Books or readers with a Lexile measure out below 0L	Don Curry's Fall Leaves	BR20L
NP	Not-prose	Volume comprising more than 50% not-standard or not-conforming prose, whose text cannot be assigned a Lexile measure	Maurice Sendak's Alligators All Around	NP

History [edit]

Lexile framework was founded in 1989 by MetaMetrics Stenner and Malbert Smith Funding for developing a better measurement organisation for reading and writing was provided past the National Institutes of Wellness through the Pocket-size Business Innovation Inquiry grant program. Over the 12-year menses from 1984 through 1996, Stenner and Smith received a total of 5 grants on measurement of literacy.^{[13] [xiv]} Evolution of the Lexile framework was fueled past conversations and comments from John B. Carroll (UNC-Chapel Hill) and Benjamin Wright (University of Chicago), and with mathematical and psychometrical help from Donald S. Burdick, associate professor emeritus of Statistical Science, Knuckles University and Stenner founded Metrametrics in 1997.^[13]

The measurement ideas embedded in the Lexile framework tin be establish in two 1982–83 manufactures past Stenner and Smith,.^{[15] [16]} when they participated in the evaluation of Head Start, comparing different programs from across the country that used different effect measures.^[13]

Independent evaluations [edit]

In Mesmer's Tools for Matching Readers to Texts: Research Based Practices, she stated that the Lexile Framework for Reading was valid, reliable, and had "excellent psychometric properties."^[17]

Mesmer mentioned Walpole,^[18] and details a study which used Lexile to match 47 second-course readers to text books. The report institute that Lexile was successful at matching students to texts with respect to reading accuracy (93%), but not at matching readers to texts that they could read at an acceptable rate: "Without support, either in the class of fluency modeling or repeated reading, these texts would be too difficult for these students to read productively on their own."^[eighteen]

In 2002, the Lexile framework was evaluated past Dale Carlson. The independent consultant found that the Lexile framework had a "well-delineated theoretical foundation."^[19] Both Carlson and Mesmer have remarked on the positive and unique characteristic of having both the student and text on the aforementioned scale.^{[17] [nineteen]}

In 2001, the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) formally reviewed Lexile measures. The report acknowledged the science behind Lexile measures: "The panel affirmed the value of both judgement length and word frequency every bit overall measures of semantic and syntactic complexity...."^[5] Additionally, according to ane console member, the Lexile Framework appears "…exceptional in the psychometric intendance with which information technology has been developed; the extent of its formal validation with different populations of texts, tests, and children; in its automation; and in its developers' continual quest to improve it." Notwithstanding, the report also identified a number of problems and the different authors identified a range of concerns, such as the exclusion of factors such as reader cognition, motivation and interest: "The notion of purpose in reading is excluded in the Lexile Framework. This is a serious oversight because of the dramatic effects that purpose tin have on reading."^[five]

Criticism [edit]

Stephen Krashen, educational researcher in language acquisition and professor emeritus at the University of Southern California, raised serious concerns with the Lexile rating system in his commodity, "The Lexile Framework: Unnecessary and Potentially Harmful."^[twenty] Krashen argues that a reading difficulty rating organization limits children's choices and steers them away from reading books in which they may be interested.

Furthermore, like nearly reading formulas, the formula used to determine a book's Lexile level can oft lead to a flawed rating. For example, The Library Mouse, by Daniel Kirk, is a 32-page children's picture book rated by Amazon.com as "for ages iv-8" and has a Lexile score of 830. Nonetheless, Stephenie Meyer'due south 498-page, immature adult novel Twilight but garners a Lexile score of 720. Similarly, Beverly Cleary's Ramona Quimby, Age 8, has a Lexile score of 860, while Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park but has a score of 710.^[21]

Elfrieda H. Hiebert, Professor of Educational Psychology at University of California, Berkeley, noted in her study, "Interpreting Lexiles in Online Contexts and with Informational Texts", "The variability across individual parts of texts tin be extensive. Within a single affiliate of Pride and Prejudice, for example, 125-word excerpts of text (the unit of assessments used to obtain students' Lexile levels) that were pulled from every 1,000 words had Lexiles that ranged from 670 to 1310, with an average of 952. The range of 640 on the LS [Lexile Scale] represents the span from tertiary grade to college."^[22]

Hiebert also demonstrated that slight changes in punctuation, such equally changing commas to periods, resulted in "pregnant reclassification on the LS [Lexile scale].^[22]

Many extremely difficult reads, such as "Native Son" past Richard Wright, are ranked with an unexpectedly low Lexile score. "The Grapes of Wrath", written by John Steinbeck, still bewilders readers today and has a Lexile score of just 680L.

Besides limiting children's reading choices and misrepresenting books' reading difficulty, the Lexile Scale has had negative effects at a systemic level. When school districts and states began to mandate specific readability programs, textbook publishers responded by manipulating texts to tailor them to the requirements of the readability formulas.^[22]

Furthermore, the Lexile framework costs states and school districts valuable resources. Even though other readability formulas, such as the Flesch–Kincaid used in Microsoft Word's software, are widely used to plant reading levels and difficulty, the Lexile scale is the major method of establishing text difficulty in American schools. Nevertheless, unlike readability formulas of the past, MetaMetrics, the creator of the Lexile framework, "retained the processing of readability every bit intellectual property, requiring educators and other clients to pay for their services to obtain readability levels."^[22] Mesmer lists the cost of using the Lexile inventory tools as ane of the disadvantages of using the system.^[17]

Common core standards [edit]

Lexile measures are cited in the US Common Cadre Country Standards for English language Language Arts to provide text complication grade and corresponding Lexile ranges. These course and Lexile ranges are used to help determine at what text complexity level students should exist reading to help ensure students are prepared for the reading demands of college and careers.^[1] Nonetheless, this also notes that quantitative methods, including Lexile scores, often underestimate the challenges posed past complex narrative fiction which might use relatively uncomplicated prose. The Cadre standards notation that until quantitative methods are able to take into account the factors that might make such texts challenging, preference should exist given to qualitative measures of text complexity when evaluating narrative fiction intended for students in course half-dozen and over.^[1]

Examples of books with Lexile measures [edit]

Title	Writer	Lexile
Green Eggs and Ham	Dr. Seuss	210L
Clifford the Big Red Dog	Norman Bridwell	370L
The Very Hungry Caterpillar	Eric Carle	AD460L
The Giving Tree	Shel Silverstein	530L
The Dominicus Also Rises	Ernest Hemingway	610L
Charlotte's Web	E. B. White	680L
Twilight	Stephenie Meyer	720L
A Farewell to Arms	Ernest Hemingway	730L
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer'south Stone	J. Yard. Rowling	880L
A Tale of Two Cities	Charles Dickens	990L
The Hobbit	J. R. R. Tolkien	1000L
Pride and Prejudice	Jane Austen	1190L
A Cursory History of Time	Stephen Hawking	1290L
Robinson Crusoe	Daniel Defoe	1360
Rob Roy	Walter Scott	1560L

More examples are bachelor here.^[23]

Utilise [edit]

Over 40 reading assessments and programs written report Lexile measures, including many popular instruments from Scholastic, Pearson, CTB/McGraw-Hill and Riverside Publishing, also equally a growing number of year-end state assessments.^[24]

Reading assessments that report Lexile measures [edit]

^[25]

Country assessments ^[26]

• Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS)
• California English-Language Arts Standards Test
• Delaware Comprehensive Assessment Organization
• Florida Assessments for Pedagogy in Reading (FAIR)
• Georgia Georgia Milestones and the Georgia High Schoolhouse Graduation Test (GM and GHSGT)
• Hawaii State Assessment
• Illinois Standards Accomplishment Exam (ISAT)
• Kansas Land Assessments of Reading
• Kentucky Core Curriculum Exam (KCCT)
• Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA)
• New Mexico Standards-Based Assessment (SBA)
• N Carolina Terminate-of-Grade and English I End-of-Course (NCEOG and NCEOC)
• Oklahoma Core Curriculum Test (OCCT)
• Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS)
• Due south Carolina Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (PASS)
• South Dakota State Test of Educational Progress (DSTEP)
• Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Programme (TCAP) Accomplishment Test
• Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)
• Virginia Standards of Learning Tests (SOL)
• Due west Virginia WESTEST two
• Proficiency Assessments for Wyoming Students (PAWS)

Norm-referenced assessments ^[27]

• CTB/McGraw-Colina|CTB/McGraw-Hill: TerraNova (Cat/vi and CTBS/five) and Tests of Adult Basic Education (TABE)
• ERB: Comprehensive Testing Programme, 4th Edition (CTP four)
• Pearson: Stanford 9, Stanford ten, MAT viii, and Aprenda iii
• Riverside Publishing: The Iowa Tests (ITBS) and (ITED) and Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests, Fourth Edition]

Acting/benchmark assessments ^[28]

• American Education Corporation: A+ LearningLink assessment
• Dynamic Measurement Group: Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early on Literacy Skills (DIBELS)
• Florida Center for Reading Inquiry: Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading
• Measured Progress: Progress Toward Standards (PTS3)
• NWEA: Measures of Academic Progress (MAP)
• Pearson: Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test, 4th Edition (SDRT 4) and Stanford Learning First
• Scantron: Performance Series
• Scholastic: Scholastic Reading Inventory (SRI)

Spanish assessments ^[29]

• Achieve3000: KidBiz3000; Grades 2-8, TeenBiz3000; Grades 9-12
• New United mexican states Standards-Based Assessment Grades 3-ix, 11
• Pearson: Aprenda three
• Scholastic Reading Inventory
• Texas Cess of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)-Castilian; Grades iii-half dozen

International assessments ^[thirty]

• East-LQ Cess
• GL Assessment, Progress in English (PIE) assessment; ages 7–11
• ETS: TOEFL
• ETS: TOEIC
• Scholastic International

Assessments for homeschoolers ^[31]

• BJU Press Testing and Evaluation: Stanford and Iowa achievement tests
• EdGate: Total Reader (TR)
• Riverside Publishing: Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests
• Riverside Publishing: Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "Mutual Core Standards for English language Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects" (PDF). Corestandards.org. Retrieved 2014-02-16 .
2. ^ Hiebert, Eastward.H. (2002). Standards, cess, and text difficulty. In A. East. Farstrup & Due south. J. Samuels (Eds.). What research has to say about reading pedagogy (third Ed.). Newark, DE: International Reading Clan.
   "Lexile Guide". GL Assessment.
   "Lexiles in Instruction" (PDF). MetaMetrics. Retrieved five February 2010.
   Lennon, C. & Burdick, H. (2004)."The Lexile Framework as an arroyo for reading measurement and success" (PDF). MetaMetrics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-03.
   "Measured Progress Adds Lexile and Quantile Measures to its Progress Toward Standards Online Assessment". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 5 Feb 2010.
3. ^ "Facts for Features". United states of america Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
4. ^ "Lexile Measures at Dwelling" (PDF). Georgia Department of Instruction.
5. ^ ^{a b c} White, Due south. & Clement,J."Assessing the Lexile Framework: Results of a Panel Meeting" (PDF). U.Southward. Department of Educational activity, National Eye for Education Statistic. Baronial 2001.
6. ^ ^{a b} [url=https://lexile.com/almost-lexile/lexile-codes/], The Lexile Framework for Reading: Lexile Codes.
7. ^ "Linking DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency with The Lexile Framework for Reading" (PDF). MetaMetrics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2010-02-08 .
8. ^ "News – Capstone". Capstonepub.com. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2013-xi-07 .
9. ^ Andriani, Lynn (2009-08-10). "MetaMetrics Providing Lexile Measures for Simon & Schuster". Publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 2013-eleven-07 .
10. ^ "Workman Publishing Adopts Lexile Measures". Archived from the original on January eleven, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
11. ^ "Globe Book Adds Lexile Measures to World Book Web Articles – Internet@Schools Mag". Internetatschools.com. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2013-11-07 .
12. ^ "Who Are Our Publisher Partners". Lexile.com. Retrieved 2014-05-20 .
13. ^ ^{a b c} Webster, L. (Spring 2000). "Jack Stenner: The Lexile King" (PDF). Popular Measurement.
14. ^ "Management". MetaMetrics. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
    Smith, D.R., Stenner, A.J., Horabin, I., & Smith, K.(1989). The Lexile Scale in Theory and Practice. Final study for NIH grant HD-19448
15. ^ Stenner, A. J. & Smith, M. (1982)."Testing Construct Theories" (PDF). Perceptual and Motor Skills. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-03.
    Stenner, A. J., Smith, Chiliad., & Burdick, D. S.(1983)
16. ^ "Toward a Theory of Construct Definition" (PDF). Journal of Educational Measurement. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-03.
17. ^ ^{a b c} Mesmer, H. (2007). Tools for Matching Readers to Text: Inquiry Based PracticesGuilford Publications, Inc.
18. ^ ^{a b} Walpole, South., Hayes, L., and Robnolt, Five. (2006). "Matching second graders to text:The utility of a group‐administered comprehension measure". Reading Inquiry and Instruction. 46 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/19388070609558458. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
19. ^ ^{a b} Carlson, D. (2002).The Validity and Potential Usefulness of the Lexile Framework: A Cursory Review Conducted for the Wyoming Department of Education
20. ^ "The Lexile Framework: Unnecessary and Potentially Harmful –Page i" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-02-xvi .
21. ^ "The Lexile Framework for Reading". Lexile.com. Retrieved 2013-11-07 .
22. ^ ^{a b c d} "Interpreting Lexiles" (PDF). Apexlearning.com. Retrieved 2014-02-xvi .
23. ^ "The Lexile Framework for Reading Map" (PDF). Lexile.com. Retrieved 2014-06-thirteen .
24. ^ "How To Go A Lexile Mensurate". Retrieved 10 February 2010.
25. ^ "How to get a Lexile Measure". Lexile.com. Retrieved 2013-11-07 .
26. ^ "State Assessments". Lexile.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2013-11-07 .
27. ^ "Norm-Referenced Assessments". Lexile.com. Retrieved 2013-11-07 .
28. ^ "Interim/Benchmark Assessments". Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
29. ^ [ane] Archived May 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ [2] Archived May 10, 2012, at the Wayback Motorcar
31. ^ "Assessments for Homeschoolers". Lexile.com. Retrieved 2013-eleven-07 .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexile

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