My Frezzer Stop Cooling for About 3 Days and Now Its Working Again

Household or industrial appliance for preserving nutrient at a low temperature

Food in a fridge with its door open

A refrigerator (fridge) is a commercial and abode appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers estrus from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique around the globe. The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage. A fridge maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. The optimal temperature range for perishable food storage is iii to five °C (37 to 41 °F).^[ane] A like device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a common household apparatus for near a century and a one-half. The United States Nutrient and Drug Administration recommends that the refrigerator exist kept at or beneath 4 °C (forty °F) and that the freezer be regulated at −xviii °C (0 °F).^[ii]

The start cooling systems for nutrient involved water ice. Bogus refrigeration began in the mid-1750s, and adult in the early 1800s. In 1834, the starting time working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built. The beginning commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home apply were invented. In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator marketplace during the 1930s. Home freezers as carve up compartments (larger than necessary merely for water ice cubes) were introduced in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.

Freezer units are used in households as well every bit in industry and commerce. Commercial fridge and freezer units were in utilise for virtually 40 years prior to the common dwelling models. The freezer-over-refrigerator manner had been the basic style since the 1940s, until modern, side-by-side refrigerators broke the trend. A vapor compression bicycle is used in almost household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting, chilled water, and water ice from a dispenser in the door.

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Amid the smallest are Peltier-type refrigerators designed to chill beverages. A large domestic refrigerator stands equally tall equally a person and may exist virtually i metre (three ft three in) wide with a capacity of 0.half dozen mⁱⁱⁱ (21 cu ft). Refrigerators and freezers may be complimentary-standing, or built into a kitchen. The refrigerator allows the modern household to proceed food fresh for longer than before. Freezers allow people to purchase perishable food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and have majority purchases.

History [edit]

Technology development [edit]

Ancient origins

Ancient Iranians were among the first to invent a grade of large evaporative cooler called yakhchāls using subterranean storage spaces, a large domed above-ground structure made with thick walls and outfitted with air current catchers (called "badgirs"), walled off farther into a serial of "qanats", or a style of aqueduct used in Ancient Iran.^{[3] [4]}

Pre-electric refrigeration

In modern times, before the invention of the mod electric refrigerator, icehouses and iceboxes were used to provide cool storage for most of the yr. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the wintertime, they were once very common. Natural ways are notwithstanding used to cool foods today. On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient mode to cool drinks, and during the winter one tin can go along milk fresh much longer simply by keeping it outdoors. The give-and-take "refrigeratory" was used at to the lowest degree as early as the 17th century.^[5]

Artificial refrigeration

Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie'south 1841 mechanical water ice machine

The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen designed a pocket-size refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a fractional vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which so boiled, arresting rut from the surrounding air.^[six] The experiment even created a small amount of ice, just had no practical application at that time.

In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a airtight vapor-compression refrigeration bike for the product of ice past ether under vacuum. In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia and other gases past using high pressures and low temperatures, and in 1834, an American expatriate in Cracking United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Jacob Perkins, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system. It was a closed-wheel device that could operate continuously.^[7] A like effort was fabricated in 1842, by American md, John Gorrie,^[eight] who built a working prototype, but information technology was a commercial failure. American engineer Alexander Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor pinch system that used ether.

The first applied vapor pinch refrigeration organisation was built by James Harrison, a Scottish Australian. His 1856 patent was for a vapor pinch system using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison too introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses, and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in performance.

The first gas absorption refrigeration arrangement using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new procedure made possible the utilize of gases such as ammonia (NH₃), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) as refrigerants and they were widely used for that purpose until the tardily 1920s.^[9]

Commercial refrigerators [edit]

Commercial refrigerator and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. They used gas systems such as ammonia (R-717) or sulfur dioxide (R-764), which occasionally leaked, making them unsafe for dwelling house use. Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider credence in the U.s. in the 1930s every bit prices fell and non-toxic, not-flammable constructed refrigerants such as Freon-12 (R-12) were introduced. However, R-12 damaged the ozone layer, causing governments to issue a ban on its use in new refrigerators and air-workout systems in 1994. The less harmful replacement for R-12, R-134a (tetrafluoroethane), has been in common use since 1990, but R-12 is still found in many old systems.

A mutual commercial refrigerator is the glass fronted potable libation. These blazon of appliances are typically designed for specific re-load conditions meaning that they generally have a larger cooling system. This ensures that they are able to cope with a big throughput of drinks and frequent door opening. As a outcome, it is common for these types of commercial refrigerators to have energy consumption of over 4 kWh per day.^{[ citation needed ]}Commercial refrigerators efficiency is primarily dependent on the compressor that moves. Refrigerators can be able to crusade technical damage to the compressor in certain cases.^{[ description needed ]} It tin can exist restored or mounted again, depending on the degree of damage. Other kinds of damage, such equally a cooler leak, tin can become undetected until serious problems arise. Health concerns are principal amongst these issues, with Freon poisoning being the nigh alarming. In society to notice harmful leaks early on on, Freon levels need to exist regularly monitored. Regular routine maintenance should avert the risk of keeping food products at the right temperature. Fifty-fifty the slightest change in circumstances can touch on consistency, resulting in breaches of nutrient safety and potential penalties.^{[ opinion ] [ citation needed ]}

Residential refrigerators [edit]

DOMELRE refrigerator c. 1914

In 1913, the first electrical refrigerators for home and domestic utilise were invented and produced by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana, with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on acme of an ice box.^{[ten] [11]} His get-go device, produced over the next few years in several hundred units, was chosen DOMELRE.^{[12] [xiii]} In 1914, engineer Nathaniel B. Wales of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the Kelvinator. A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on the lesser of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this fridge commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire company to mass-produce refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the offset refrigerator with any type of automatic control. The absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while they were nevertheless students at the Royal Institute of Applied science in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized past Electrolux. Other pioneers included Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde was the get-go to patent and make a practical and compact fridge.

These abode units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts, motor and compressor, in the basement or an next room while the cold box was located in the kitchen. At that place was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box, water-cooled compressor, an ice cube tray and a 0.25-cubic-metre (nine cu ft) compartment, and cost $714. (A 1922 Model-T Ford cost about $476.) Past 1923, Kelvinator held fourscore percent of the market for electric refrigerators. As well in 1923 Frigidaire introduced the start cocky-contained unit. About this same time porcelain-covered metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s; up to this fourth dimension freezing was not an auxiliary function of the mod refrigerator.

General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, introduced in 1927, priced at $525, with the get-go all-steel cabinet, designed by Christian Steenstrup^[xiv]

The offset refrigerator to come across widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Meridian" fridge introduced in 1927, and then-chosen, past the public, because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship USS Monitor of the 1860s.^[15] The compressor assembly, which emitted a great bargain of estrus, was placed to a higher place the cabinet, and enclosed past a decorative ring. Over a meg units were produced. As the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used either sulfur dioxide, which is corrosive to the eyes and may crusade loss of vision, painful skin burns and lesions, or methyl formate, which is highly flammable, harmful to the eyes, and toxic if inhaled or ingested.^[16]

The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator marketplace during the 1930s and provided a safer, low-toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants. Divide freezers became common during the 1940s; the term for the unit, popular at the time, was deep freeze. These devices, or appliances, did not go into mass production for use in the home until after Globe War II.^[17] The 1950s and 1960s saw technical advances like automatic defrosting and automatic water ice making. More than efficient refrigerators were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, even though ecology issues led to the banning of very effective (Freon) refrigerants. Early on refrigerator models (from 1916) had a cold compartment for ice cube trays. From the tardily 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully processed through freezing by the Postum Company (the forerunner of General Foods), which had acquired the applied science when it bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye's successful fresh freezing methods.

Styles of refrigerators [edit]

In the early 1950s most refrigerators were white, but from the mid-1950s to the nowadays mean solar day, designers and manufacturers take put colour onto refrigerators. In the late-1950s/early-1960s, pastel colors like turquoise and pink became popular, and brushed chrome-plating (similar to a stainless steel terminate) was available on some models. In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, earth tone colors were popular, including Harvest Gold, Avocado Green and almond. In the 1980s, black became fashionable. In the late 1990s stainless steel came into vogue. Since 1961 the Color Marketing Group has attempted to coordinate the colors of appliances and other consumer goods.

Freezer [edit]

Freezer units are used in households and in manufacture and commerce. Food stored at or below −eighteen °C (0 °F) is rubber indefinitely.^[18] Most household freezers maintain temperatures from −23 to −18 °C (−ix to 0 °F), although some freezer-just units can achieve −34 °C (−29 °F) and lower. Refrigerator freezers generally do not achieve lower than −23 °C (−9 °F), since the same coolant loop serves both compartments: Lowering the freezer compartment temperature excessively causes difficulties in maintaining above-freezing temperature in the refrigerator compartment. Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a carve up appliance. Domestic freezers may be either upright units resembling a refrigerator, or chests (with the lid or door on peak, sacrificing convenience for efficiency and partial immunity to power outages).^[19] Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser congenital into their door. Some upscale models include thermostat displays and controls, and sometimes apartment screen televisions every bit well.

Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary simply for ice cubes), or as separate units, were introduced in the United States in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.

Fridge technologies [edit]

Basic operation of a refrigerator

Process and components of a conventional fridge

Vapor pinch cycle – A: hot compartment (kitchen), B: cold compartment (refrigerator box), I: insulation, ane: Condenser, ii: Expansion valve, 3: Evaporator unit, 4: Compressor

An Embraco compressor and fan-assisted condenser coil

Compressor refrigerators [edit]

A vapor compression wheel is used in near household refrigerators, fridge–freezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as low-pressure vapor at or slightly below the temperature of the fridge interior. The vapor is compressed and exits the compressor as loftier-pressure superheated vapor. The superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that make upwards the condenser; the coils or tubes are passively cooled past exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapor, which liquefies. As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure merely is now simply slightly above room temperature. This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known as an expansion valve (essentially a pin-hole sized constriction in the tubing) to an expanse of much lower pressure level. The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically about half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this wink evaporation is drawn mostly from next still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as car-refrigeration. This common cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan blows air from the compartment ("box air") beyond these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, cartoon farther latent estrus from the box air. This cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment, and then keeps the box air cold. Annotation that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is however warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, at present fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle.

Modern domestic refrigerators are extremely reliable considering motor and compressor are integrated within a welded container, "sealed unit of measurement", with greatly reduced likelihood of leakage or contamination. By comparing, externally-coupled refrigeration compressors, such as those in auto air-conditioning, inevitably leak fluid and lubricant past the shaft seals. This leads to a requirement for periodic recharging and, if ignored, possible compressor failure.

Dual compartment designs [edit]

Refrigerators with two compartments demand special design to control the cooling of refrigerator or freezer compartments. Typically, the compressors and condenser coils are mounted at the height of the cabinet, with a unmarried fan to cool them both. This arrangement has a few downsides: each compartment cannot be controlled independently and the more humid refrigerator air is mixed with the dry freezer air.^[twenty]

Multiple manufacturers offer dual compressor models. These models have dissever freezer and refrigerator compartments that operate independently of each other, sometimes mounted inside a single cabinet. Each has its ain separate compressor, condenser and evaporator coils, insulation, thermostat, and door.^{[ commendation needed ]}

A hybrid between the 2 designs is using a separate fan for each compartment, the Dual Fan arroyo. Doing so allows for separate command and airflow on a single compressor organization.^{[ citation needed ]}

Assimilation refrigerators [edit]

An absorption refrigerator works differently from a compressor refrigerator, using a source of heat, such as combustion of liquefied petroleum gas, solar thermal energy or an electric heating element. These estrus sources are much quieter than the compressor motor in a typical fridge. A fan or pump might be the just mechanical moving parts; reliance on convection is considered impractical.

Other uses of an absorption refrigerator (or "chiller") include large systems used in part buildings or complexes such every bit hospitals and universities. These large systems are used to chill a brine solution that is circulated through the edifice.

Peltier effect refrigerators [edit]

The Peltier effect uses electricity to pump heat directly; refrigerators employing this organization are sometimes used for camping ground, or in situations where noise is non acceptable. They tin exist totally silent (if a fan for air circulation is not fitted) but are less energy-efficient than other methods.

Ultra-low temperature refrigerators [edit]

"Ultra-cold" or "ultra-low temperature (ULT)" (typically −80°C or −86°C) freezers, as used for storing biological samples, as well more often than not apply two stages of cooling, only in cascade. The lower temperature stage uses methane, or a like gas, as a refrigerant, with its condenser kept at around −40°C past a second stage which uses a more than conventional refrigerant. Well known brands include Forma and Revco (both at present Thermo Scientific). For much lower temperatures (around −196°C), laboratories usually purchase liquid nitrogen, kept in a Dewar flask, into which the samples are suspended. Cryogenic chest freezers can achieve temperatures of downwards to −150°C, and may include a liquid nitrogen backup.

Other refrigerators [edit]

Alternatives to the vapor-compression bike non in current mass product include:

• Acoustic cooling
• Air wheel
• Magnetic cooling
• Malone engine
• Pulse tube
• Stirling wheel
• Thermoelectric cooling
• Thermionic cooling
• Vortex tube
• Water cycle systems.^[21]

Architecture [edit]

Many modern refrigerator/freezers have the freezer on top and the fridge on the bottom. Most refrigerator-freezers—except for transmission defrost models or cheaper units—use what appears to be ii thermostats. Merely the refrigerator compartment is properly temperature controlled. When the refrigerator gets too warm, the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer. During this fourth dimension, the refrigerator besides gets colder. The freezer control knob simply controls the corporeality of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system.^[22] Irresolute the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction.^{[ commendation needed ]} Changing the freezer temperature will have no effect on the fridge temperature. The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for any refrigerator adjustment.^{[ citation needed ]}

This means the refrigerator may go too warm. Withal, because but enough air is diverted to the refrigerator compartment, the freezer usually re-acquires the set up temperature chop-chop, unless the door is opened. When a door is opened, either in the refrigerator or the freezer, the fan in some units stops immediately to prevent excessive frost build upward on the freezer'south evaporator gyre, because this whorl is cooling two areas. When the freezer reaches temperature, the unit of measurement cycles off, no matter what the fridge temperature is. Modern computerized refrigerators exercise non use the damper system. The figurer manages fan speed for both compartments, although air is all the same blown from the freezer.^{[ citation needed ]}

Features [edit]

The within of a home refrigerator containing a large variety of everyday food items

Newer refrigerators may include:

• Automatic defrosting
• A power failure alert that alerts the user by flashing a temperature display. It may brandish the maximum temperature reached during the power failure, and whether frozen food has defrosted or may comprise harmful leaner.
• Chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door. Water and ice dispensing became available in the 1970s. In some refrigerators, the process of making ice is built-in so the user doesn't take to manually utilise water ice trays. Some refrigerators have water chillers and h2o filtration systems.
• Chiffonier rollers that lets the refrigerator curl out for easier cleaning
• Adjustable shelves and trays
• A status indicator that notifies when it is time to change the h2o filter
• An in-door ice caddy, which relocates the ice-maker storage to the freezer door and saves approximately 60 litres (two cu ft) of usable freezer space. Information technology is likewise removable, and helps to forbid ice-maker bottleneck.
• A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves. Air from the freezer section is diverted to the refrigerator door, to absurd milk or juice stored in the door shelf.
• A drop downward door built into the refrigerator primary door, giving easy access to frequently used items such as milk, thus saving free energy past not having to open up the primary door.
• A Fast Freeze function to rapidly cool foods by running the compressor for a predetermined amount of time and thus temporarily lowering the freezer temperature beneath normal operating levels. It is recommended to use this feature several hours earlier adding more than 1 kg of unfrozen nutrient to the freezer. For freezers without this feature, lowering the temperature setting to the coldest volition have the same effect.
• Freezer Defrost: Early freezer units accumulated ice crystals around the freezing units. This was a result of humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened condensing on the common cold parts, and so freezing. This frost buildup required periodic thawing ("defrosting") of the units to maintain their efficiency. Manual Defrost (referred to every bit Cyclic) units are still bachelor. Advances in automatic defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s, but are not universal, due to energy functioning and toll. These units used a counter that merely defrosted the freezer compartment (Freezer Chest) when a specific number of door openings had been made. The units were but a small timer combined with an electrical heater wire that heated the freezer'south walls for a short corporeality of fourth dimension to remove all traces of frost/frosting. Also, early units featured freezer compartments located inside the larger refrigerator, and accessed by opening the refrigerator door, and then the smaller internal freezer door; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were introduced in the early on 1960s, becoming the industry standard past the center of that decade.

These older freezer compartments were the primary cooling body of the fridge, and only maintained a temperature of effectually −half-dozen °C (21 °F), which is suitable for keeping food for a week.

• Butter heater: In the early on 1950s, the butter conditioner'south patent was filed and published by the inventor Nave Alfred Eastward. This feature was supposed to "provide a new and improved food storage receptacle for storing butter or the like which may quickly and easily be removed from the fridge chiffonier for the purpose of cleaning."^[23] Because of the high interest to the invention, companies in UK, New Zealand, and Commonwealth of australia started to include the feature into the mass refrigerator production and soon it became a symbol of the local culture. However, not long later on that information technology was removed from production equally according to the companies this was the simply style for them to meet new ecology regulations and they found it inefficient to have a rut generating device inside a commercial fridge.

Subsequently advances included automatic ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units.

Types of domestic refrigerators [edit]

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for nutrient storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest is a four L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold six cans of beer. A large domestic fridge stands every bit tall as a person and may be about i m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Some models for small households fit under kitchen work surfaces, usually about 86 cm high. Refrigerators may be combined with freezers, either stacked with refrigerator or freezer above, below, or side past side. A refrigerator without a frozen food storage compartment may have a small section only to make ice cubes. Freezers may have drawers to store nutrient in, or they may have no divisions (chest freezers).

Refrigerators and freezers may be gratuitous-standing, or built into a kitchen.

Iii distinct classes of refrigerator are common:

Compressor refrigerators [edit]

• Compressor refrigerators are by far the well-nigh common type; they make a noticeable noise, simply are most efficient and requite greatest cooling effect. Portable compressor refrigerators for recreational vehicle (RV) and camping use are expensive but effective and reliable. Refrigeration units for commercial and industrial applications can be fabricated in various sizes, shapes and styles to fit customer needs. Commercial and industrial refrigerators may have their compressors located away from the cabinet (similar to split arrangement air conditioners) to reduce dissonance nuisance and reduce the load on air-conditioning in hot weather.

Absorption fridge [edit]

• Absorption refrigerators may be used in caravans and trailers, and dwellings defective electricity, such every bit farms or rural cabins, where they have a long history. They may be powered by whatsoever estrus source: gas (natural or propane) or kerosene being common. Models made for camping and RV employ often have the option of running (inefficiently) on 12 volt battery power.

Peltier refrigerators [edit]

• Peltier refrigerators are powered by electricity, usually 12 volt DC, but mains-powered wine coolers are available. Peltier refrigerators are inexpensive but inefficient and get progressively more than inefficient with increased cooling outcome; much of this inefficiency may exist related to the temperature differential across the brusque distance between the "hot" and "cold" sides of the Peltier prison cell. Peltier refrigerators generally use estrus sinks and fans to lower this differential; the only dissonance produced comes from the fan. Reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the Peltier cells results in a heating rather than cooling effect.

Other specialized cooling mechanisms may be used for cooling, but have not been applied to domestic or commercial refrigerators.

Magnetic refrigerator [edit]

• Magnetic refrigerators are refrigerators that piece of work on the magnetocaloric issue. The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metallic alloy in a magnetic field.^[24]
• Acoustic refrigerators are refrigerators that use resonant linear reciprocating motors/alternators to generate a sound that is converted to estrus and common cold using compressed helium gas. The heat is discarded and the cold is routed to the fridge.

Energy efficiency [edit]

A European energy label for a fridge

In a firm without air conditioning (space heating and/or cooling) refrigerators consumed more energy than whatsoever other home device.^[25] In the early 1990s a contest was held among the major manufacturers to encourage free energy efficiency.^[26] Current US models that are Free energy Star qualified use 50% less free energy than the average models fabricated in 1974.^[27] The almost free energy-efficient unit made in the U.s.a. consumes about one-half a kilowatt-hour per twenty-four hours (equivalent to 20 W continuously).^[28] But even ordinary units are quite efficient; some smaller units use less than 0.two kWh per day (equivalent to eight Due west continuously). Larger units, specially those with large freezers and icemakers, may use every bit much as four kW·h per day (equivalent to 170 West continuously). The European Marriage uses a letter of the alphabet-based mandatory energy efficiency rating characterization instead of the Energy Star; thus EU refrigerators at the point of sale are labelled according to how energy-efficient they are.

For US refrigerators, the Consortium on Energy Efficiency (CEE) further differentiates betwixt Free energy Star qualified refrigerators. Tier 1 refrigerators are those that are 20% to 24.9% more efficient than the Federal minimum standards set by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA). Tier 2 are those that are 25% to 29.9% more efficient. Tier 3 is the highest qualification, for those refrigerators that are at least 30% more efficient than Federal standards.^[29] Well-nigh 82% of the Energy Star qualified refrigerators are Tier 1, with 13% qualifying as Tier 2, and just 5% at Tier 3.^{[ citation needed ]}

Besides the standard fashion of compressor refrigeration used in normal household refrigerators and freezers, there are technologies such equally absorption refrigeration and magnetic refrigeration. Although these designs generally use a much larger corporeality of free energy compared to compressor refrigeration, other qualities such every bit silent performance or the ability to use gas tin can favor these refrigeration units in small enclosures, a mobile surround or in environments where unit failure would atomic number 82 to devastating consequences.^{[ citation needed ]}

Many refrigerators made in the 1930s and 1940s were far more efficient than virtually that were fabricated later. This is partly attributable to the improver of new features, such as car-defrost, that reduced efficiency. Additionally, afterward World State of war 2, refrigerator manner became more important than efficiency. This was peculiarly true in the US in the 1970s, when side-by-side models (known as American fridgefreezers exterior of the United states) with ice dispensers and h2o chillers became popular. Nevertheless, the reduction in efficiency too arose partly from reduction in the amount of insulation to cut costs.^{[ citation needed ]}

Today [edit]

Brandish of modern American-style / side-by-side refrigerators, available for purchase in a store

Because of the introduction of new energy efficiency standards, refrigerators made today are much more than efficient than those made in the 1930s; they consume the aforementioned amount of energy while being three times as large.^{[30] [31]}

The efficiency of older refrigerators can exist improved by defrosting (if the unit of measurement is transmission defrost) and cleaning them regularly, replacing old and worn door seals with new ones, adjusting the thermostat to adjust the actual contents (a fridge needn't be colder than iv °C (39 °F) to store drinks and not-perishable items) and also replacing insulation, where applicable. Some sites recommend cleaning condenser coils every month or so on units with coils on the rear, to add life to the coils and not suffer an unnoticeable deterioration in efficiency over an extended flow, the unit should exist able to ventilate or "breathe" with adequate spaces around the front, back, sides and above the unit of measurement. If the fridge uses a fan to keep the condenser cool, then this must be cleaned or serviced, at per individual manufactures recommendations.^{[ citation needed ]}

Auto defrosting [edit]

Frost-free refrigerators or freezers utilize electric fans to cool the appropriate compartment.^[32] This could be called a "fan forced" refrigerator, whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the lesser, versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling. The air is drawn in through an inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled, the air is and so circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents. Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist, frost begins to form on the evaporator (especially on a freezer'southward evaporator). In cheaper and/or older models, a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer. This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located near or effectually the evaporator for nearly xv to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours. This melts any frost or water ice build up and allows the refrigerator to work normally in one case more. It is believed that frost complimentary units have a lower tolerance for frost, due to their air-conditioner like evaporator coils. Therefore, if a door is left open up accidentally (peculiarly the freezer), the defrost organisation may not remove all frost, in this case, the freezer (or fridge) must exist defrosted.^{[ commendation needed ]}

If the defrosting arrangement melts all the ice before the timed defrosting menses ends, then a small device (called a defrost limiter) acts similar a thermostat and shuts off the heating element to forbid too large a temperature fluctuation, it also prevents hot blasts of air when the organization starts again, should information technology end defrosting early on. On some early frost-gratuitous models, the defrost limiter also sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as soon as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends. When the defrost cycle is completed, the compressor and fan are allowed to bicycle back on.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Frost-free refrigerators, including some early frost free fridge/freezers that used a cold plate in their fridge section instead of airflow from the freezer department, by and large don't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting. This allows consumers to leave food in the chief refrigerator compartment uncovered, and likewise helps keep vegetables moist. This method besides helps reduce energy consumption, because the refrigerator is above freeze bespeak and can laissez passer the warmer-than-freezing air through the evaporator or cold plate to assist the defrosting bike.^{[ citation needed ]}

Inverter [edit]

Refrigerator in a rural shop

With the appearance of digital inverter compressors, the free energy consumption is even farther reduced than a single-speed induction motor compressor, and thus contributes far less in the way of greenhouse gases.^[33]

The energy consumption of a refrigerator is also dependent on the type of refrigeration being done. For instance, Inverter Refrigerators eat comparatively less energy than a typical non-inverter refrigerator. In an inverter refrigerator, the compressor is used conditionally on requirement ground. For example, an inverter refrigerator might use less energy during the winters than information technology does during the summers. This is considering the compressor works for a shorter time than it does during the summers.^[34]

Further, newer models of inverter compressor refrigerators accept in to business relationship various external and internal conditions to suit the compressor speed and thus optimize cooling and energy consumption. Most of them utilise at least 4 sensors which assist detect variance in external temperature, internal temperature owing to opening of the refrigerator door or keeping new food within; humidity and usage patterns. Depending on the sensor inputs, the compressor adjusts its speed. For example, if door is opened or new food is kept, the sensor detects an increase in temperature inside the motel and signals the compressor to increase its speed till a pre-determined temperature is attained. After which, the compressor runs at a minimum speed to just maintain the internal temperature. The compressor typically runs betwixt 1200 and 4500 rpm. Inverter compressors non simply optimizes cooling but is also superior in terms of durability and energy efficiency.^{[ citation needed ]} A device consumes maximum energy and undergoes maximum wear and tear when it switches itself on. Every bit an inverter compressor never switches itself off and instead runs on varying speed, it minimizes wear and tear and energy usage. LG played a pregnant office in improving inverter compressors every bit nosotros know it by reducing the friction points in the compressor and thus introducing Linear Inverter Compressors. Conventionally, all domestic refrigerators use a reciprocating drive which is connected to the piston. But in a linear inverter compressor, the piston which is a permanent magnet is suspended betwixt two electromagnets. The Air-conditioning changes the magnetic poles of the electromagnet, which results in the push and pull that compresses the refrigerant. LG claims that this helps reduce energy consumption by 32% and dissonance by 25% compared to their conventional compressors.

Form factor [edit]

The phycial pattern of refrigerators also plays a large office in its energy efficiency. The most efficient is the breast-style freezer, as its pinnacle-opening blueprint minimizes convection when opening the doors, reducing the amount of warm moist air inbound the freezer. On the other hand, in-door ice dispensers cause more rut leakage, contributing to an increase in energy consumption.^[35]

Effect on lifestyle [edit]

The refrigerator allows households to keep food fresh for longer than before. The nearly notable improvement is for meat and other highly perishable wares, which needed to be refined to gain annihilation resembling shelf life.^{[ citation needed ]} (On the other hand, refrigerators and freezers can too be stocked with candy, quick-cook foods that are less good for you.) Refrigeration in transit makes it possible to bask food from distant places.

Dairy products, meats, fish, poultry and vegetables tin be kept refrigerated in the same space inside the kitchen (although raw meat should be kept split up from other food for reasons of hygiene).

Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat information technology at leisure, and majority purchases save money. Ice cream, a popular commodity of the 20th century, could previously but be obtained by traveling to where the product was made and eating information technology on the spot. At present information technology is a common food item. Ice on demand not only adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks, simply is useful for starting time-aid, and for cold packs that can be kept frozen for picnics or in instance of emergency.

Temperature zones and ratings [edit]

Residential units [edit]

The capacity of a fridge is measured in either liters or cubic feet. Typically the volume of a combined fridge-freezer is split with ane/3rds to i/4th of the book allocated to the freezer although these values are highly variable.

Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are frequently given capricious numbers by manufacturers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest), but mostly 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F)^[one] is platonic for the refrigerator compartment and −xviii °C (0 °F) for the freezer. Some refrigerators must be within certain external temperature parameters to run properly. This tin be an outcome when placing units in an unfinished area, such as a garage.

Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store unlike types of food:

• −eighteen °C (0 °F) (freezer)
• 0 °C (32 °F) (meat zone)
• 5 °C (41 °F) (cooling zone)
• 10 °C (50 °F) (crisper)

European freezers, and refrigerators with a freezer compartment, have a iv star rating system to grade freezers.^[36]

• [∗]  : min temperature = −six °C (21 °F).

Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is one week

• [∗∗]  : min temperature = −12 °C (10 °F).

Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) nutrient is 1 month

• [∗∗∗]  : min temperature = −18 °C (0 °F).

Maximum storage fourth dimension for (pre-frozen) nutrient is betwixt 3 and 12 months

depending on blazon (meat, vegetables, fish, etc.)

• [∗∗∗∗] : min temperature = −18 °C (0 °F).

Maximum storage time for pre-frozen or frozen-from-fresh food is betwixt three and 12 months

Although both the 3 and 4 star ratings specify the aforementioned storage times and same minimum temperature of −eighteen °C (0 °F), only a four star freezer is intended for freezing fresh nutrient, and may include a "fast freeze" function (runs the compressor continually, down to every bit low equally −26 °C (−fifteen °F)) to facilitate this. Three (or fewer) stars are used for frozen food compartments that are only suitable for storing frozen food; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is likely to result in unacceptable temperature rises. This difference in categorization is shown in the design of the four-star logo, where the "standard" 3 stars are displayed in a box using "positive" colours, denoting the same normal functioning equally a iii-star freezer, and the 4th star showing the additional fresh food/fast freeze role is prefixed to the box in "negative" colours or with other distinct formatting.^{[ citation needed ]}

About European refrigerators include a moist cold fridge department (which does require (automatic) defrosting at irregular intervals) and a (rarely frost gratis) freezer section.

Commercial refrigeration temperatures [edit]

(from warmest to coolest)

Refrigerators

2 to 3 °C (35 to 38 °F), and not greater than maximum fridge temperature at 5 °C (41 °F)

Freezer, Accomplish-in

−23 to −15 °C (−10 to +5 °F)

Freezer, Walk-in

−23 to −18 °C (−10 to 0 °F)

Freezer, Water ice Cream

−29 to −23 °C (−20 to −10 °F)

Disposal [edit]

1941 Advertisement for Servel Electrolux Gas Refrigerator (Absorption),^[37] designed by Norman Bel Geddes.^{[38] [39] [40]} In 1998, CPSC warned that old units even so in utilise could be deadly, and offered a $100 advantage plus disposal costs to consumers who properly disposed of their old Servels.^[41]

An increasingly important environmental business organisation is the disposal of one-time refrigerators—initially considering freon coolant damages the ozone layer—simply as older generation refrigerators wear out, the destruction of CFC-bearing insulation also causes concern. Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), which does not deplete the ozone layer, unlike Freon. A R-134a is now condign very uncommon in Europe. Newer refrigerants are being used instead. The main refrigerant at present used is R-600a, or isobutane which has a smaller effect on the temper if released. At that place have been reports of refrigerators exploding if the refrigerant leaks isobutane in the presence of a spark. If the coolant leaks into the fridge, at times when the door is not beingness opened (such as overnight) the concentration of coolant in the air within the fridge tin build up to course an explosive mixture that tin can be ignited either by a spark from the thermostat or when the light comes on as the door is opened, resulting in documented cases of serious property impairment and injury or even death from the resulting explosion.^[42]

Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, oft mandating the removal of doors for safety reasons. Children playing hibernate-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators, particularly older models with latching doors, in a phenomenon chosen refrigerator expiry. Since ii August 1956, under U.Due south. federal law, refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch and they can be opened from the inside.^[43] Modern units employ a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed simply allows it to be pushed open from the within.^[44] This gasket was invented, developed and manufactured by Max Baermann (1903–1984) of Bergisch Gladbach/Federal republic of germany.^{[45] [46]}

Regarding total life-cycle costs, many governments offering incentives to encourage recycling of old refrigerators. One example is the Phoenix refrigerator program launched in Australia. This government incentive picked up old refrigerators, paying their owners for "altruistic" the refrigerator. The refrigerator was then refurbished, with new door seals, a thorough cleaning and the removal of items, such as the embrace that is strapped to the back of many older units. The resulting refrigerators, now over ten% more efficient, were then distributed to low income families.^{[ citation needed ]}

Gallery [edit]

• 

  McCray pre-electrical dwelling refrigerator ad from 1905; this company, founded in 1887, is still in business

• 

  General Electrical "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, still in use, June 2007

• 

  Frigidaire Imperial "Frost Proof" model FPI-16BC-63, peak refrigerator/bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by General Motors Canada in 1963

• 

  A side-by-side fridge-freezer with an icemaker (2011)

See as well [edit]

• Machine-defrost
• Common cold chain
• Continuous freezers
• Home automation
• Water ice foam maker
• Water ice famine
• Internet fridge
• KECO Industries, Inc. v. United states of america
• Kimchi refrigerator
• List of home appliances
• Pot-in-pot refrigerator
• Refrigerator death
• Refrigerator magnet
• Solar-powered refrigerator
• Star rating
• H2o dispenser
• Wine cellar

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} . Keep your fridge-freezer clean and water ice-free. BBC. 30 April 2008
2. ^ . Are You Storing Food Safely? FDA. 9 February 2021
3. ^ "Yakhchāls, Āb Anbārs, & Wind Catchers — Passive Cooling & Refrigeration Technologies Of Greater Islamic republic of iran (Persia)". TandfOnline. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
4. ^ Ebrahimi, Ali; Shayegani, Aida; Zarandi, Mahnaz Mahmoudi (2021). "Thermal Performance of Sustainable Element in Moayedi Icehouse in Islamic republic of iran". International Journal of Architectural Heritage. xv (5): 740–756. doi:x.1080/15583058.2019.1645243. S2CID 202094054. Retrieved 2 Feb 2021.
5. ^ Venetum Britannicum, 1676, London, p. 176 in the 1678 edition.
6. ^ Arora, Ramesh Chandra (thirty March 2012). "Mechanical vapour pinch refrigeration". Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning. p. 3. ISBN978-81-203-3915-half-dozen.
7. ^ Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965). A History of Mechanical Engineering. The MIT Press. ISBN0-262-52001-X.
8. ^ US 8080A, John Gorrie, "Improved procedure for the bogus product of water ice", issued 1851-05-06
9. ^ "Refrigerator vacuum dehydration unit of measurement". Vacuum. 28 (2): 81. February 1978. doi:10.1016/s0042-207x(78)80528-4. ISSN 0042-207X.
10. ^ US 1126605, Fred Due west. Wolf, "Refrigerating apparatus", issued 1915-01-26
11. ^ Dennis R. Heldman (29 Baronial 2003). Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Applied science (Print). CRC Press. p. 350. ISBN978-0-8247-0938-9. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
12. ^ "DOMELRE Start Electric Fridge | ashrae.org". world wide web.ashrae.org . Retrieved 2 August 2021.
13. ^ "Air conditioning and Refrigeration History - part iii - Greatest Technology Achievements of the Twentieth Century". www.greatachievements.org . Retrieved two August 2021.
14. ^ "Thousand.E. Monitor Top Fridge". www.industrialdesignhistory.com . Retrieved 25 January 2020.
15. ^ Lobocki, Neil (4 October 2017). "The Full general Electric Monitor Top Refrigerator". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
16. ^ "GE Monitor-Acme Fridge - Albany Constitute of History and Art". www.albanyinstitute.org.
17. ^ "The History of Household Wonders: History of the Fridge". History.com. A&Eastward Television receiver Networks. 2006. Archived from the original on 26 March 2008.
18. ^ "Freezing and food prophylactic". USDA. Archived from the original on xviii September 2013. Retrieved six August 2013.
19. ^ "Advertizement". The Australian Women'due south Weekly. Commonwealth of australia. 19 September 1973. p. 26. Retrieved 13 January 2020 – via Trove.
20. ^ "What is Dual-Cooling Technology?". www.sears.com.
21. ^ James, Stephen J. (2003). "Developments in domestic refrigeration and consumer attitudes" (PDF). Message of the IIR. v. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009.
22. ^ Fridge – Adjusting Temperature Controls. geappliances.com
23. ^ US 2579848, Alfred E. Nave, "Butter conditioner", issued 1951-12-25
24. ^ "Towards the magnetic fridge" Archived 7 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Physorg. 21 April 2006
25. ^ "Which Uk – Saving Energy". Which Uk. Archived from the original on 10 Nov 2014. Retrieved x November 2014.
26. ^ Feist, J. W.; Farhang, R.; Erickson, J.; Stergakos, E. (1994). "Super Efficient Refrigerators: The Gilt Carrot from Concept to Reality" (PDF). Proceedings of the ACEEE. 3: iii.67–3.76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2013.
27. ^ "Refrigerators & Freezers". Energy Star. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006.
28. ^ Itakura, Kosuke. Sun Frost – The World's Near Efficient Refrigerators. Humboldt.edu
29. ^ "High-efficiency specifications for REFRIGERATORS" (PDF). Consortium for Energy Efficiency. January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on fifteen Jan 2013.
30. ^ "Successes of Energy Efficiency: The U.s.a. and California National Trust" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 Feb 2012.
31. ^ Calwell, Chris & Reeder, Travis (2001). "Out With the Old, In With the New" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2011.
32. ^ Kakaç, Sadik; Avelino, Thou. R.; Smirnov, H. F. (half-dozen December 2012). Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration. Springer Science & Concern Media. ISBN9789401000994.
33. ^ "How the Digital Inverter Compressor Has Transformed the Modernistic Refrigerator". news.samsung.com . Retrieved 25 January 2020.
34. ^ "How to Accommodate the Temperature in Your Refrigerator During the Winter & the Summer". homeguides.sfgate.com . Retrieved 8 May 2020.
35. ^ Technology Connections (7 April 2020). "Breast Freezers; What they tell us about designing for X". YouTube.
36. ^ Committee Regulation (EU) 2019/2019 of 1 Oct 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for refrigerating appliances pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Quango and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 643/2009 (Text with EEA relevance.), 5 December 2019, retrieved 21 October 2020
37. ^ Lobocki, Neil (four October 2017). "The Beginning Assimilation Refrigerator". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
38. ^ US 95817S, Norman Bel Geddes, "Design for a refrigerator chiffonier", issued 1935-06-04
39. ^ The states 2127212A, Norman Bel Geddes, "Fridge", published 1935-07-24, issued 1938-08-16
40. ^ "Norman Bel Geddes Database". norman.hrc.utexas.edu . Retrieved 25 January 2020.
41. ^ "CPSC, Warns That Old Servel Gas Refrigerators Still In Use Tin Be Deadly". U.South. Consumer Product Condom Commission. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
42. ^ "Tragic bride-to-be'south fridge-freezer exploded and 'turned into a Bunsen burner'". Daily Mirror. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on v August 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017. Daily Mirror November 2015
43. ^ PART 1750—STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR DOORS FROM THE INSIDE :: PART 1750-STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRI. Police.justia.com. Retrieved on 26 August 2013.
44. ^ Adams, Cecil (2005). "Is it impossible to open a fridge door from the within?". Archived from the original on seven July 2006. Retrieved 31 August 2006.
45. ^ Max Baermann GMBH. "Flexible Magnetic Strips". Archived from the original on 28 Apr 2016. Retrieved xx June 2020.
46. ^ US 2959832, Max Baermann, "Flexible or resilient permanent magnets", issued 1960-11-15

Further reading [edit]

• Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 256 pages
• Refrigerators and food preservation in strange countries. Usa Bureau of Statistics, Section of State. 1890.

External links [edit]

• U.S. Patent 1,126,605 Refrigerating apparatus
• U.South. Patent 1,222,170 Refrigerating apparatus
• The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers
• Refrigerators, Canada Scientific discipline and Applied science Museum
• "Walking fridge, comes when you call it". Engadget . Retrieved 8 March 2022.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator

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